Treloar, physics of rubber elasticity, oxford, 1958. There are several molecular mechanisms that work together to produce the elastic force. In rubber the elastic force is due to the thermal interactions of the molecules within the material. The physics of rubber elasticity oxford classic texts in. A rubber is a material that can undergo large deformations e. Understanding the physics of elasticity requires a knowledge of advanced mathematics, chemistry and statistical physics, particularly the concept of entropy. Outstanding mechanical properties, regardless of the chemical structure, have been the reason for an immense amount of research in many areas of polymer science. The elasticity of rubbers is predominantly entropydriven which.
The more complex problems such as pure homogeneous strain can be referred from specific books such as the physics of rubber elasticity by treloar. The bending of beams, deflection of rods, or in general, applications of hookes law generalized to three dimensions. If the deformation, or strain the ratio of the change in length to the initial length, is. It is associated with a reduction of entropy on deformation rather than with an increase of internal energy, such as occurs in an o r d i n a r y solid. Therefore, the elasticity of rubbers is of purely entropic nature. It is obtained by chemical crosslinking chains in a melt or in a concentrated solution charles goodyear 18001860. Pa this longitudinal modulus of elasticity is called youngs modulus and is denoted by the symbol. Polymer science had developed greatly since the second edition of this text in 1958, and the two main advances. Broad readership in physics, chemistry, polymer science, theoretical and applied mechanics. Antagonism can be viewed as an extension of this openloop stability principle applicable to artificial muscles as to extensible actuators. Professor leslie ronald george treloar, obe 30 july 1906 18 march 1985 was a leading figure in the science of rubber and elasticity, and author of a number of influential texts leslie treloar graduated in physics from university college, reading, in 1927 and subsequently joined gec.
The studies are concentrated in the determination of the form of elastic free energy. The classical theory of rubber elasticity 1, 2, developed by kuhn, wall, flory, treloar, and many others, around the 1940s, qualitatively accounts for the entropic nature of rubber elasticity. Rubbers are lightly crosslinked amorphous polymers with a glass transition temperature considerably lower than the usage temperature. However, the percolation model is unsatisfactory because it doesnt help us study the thermal uctuations that determine rigidity and elasticityand an account of elasticity is a sine qua non for any theory of rubber. It is suitable for the nonspecialist and the emphasis is on the physical reality embodied in the mathematical formulations. In this chapter we focus on the isothermal phenomenological theory of the elasticity and inelasticity of rubber. The results show that the classical theory of rubber elasticity to correctly describe the thermoelastic behavior of unfilled vulcanizates in the elongation range. A body with this ability is said to behave or respond elastically. Elasticity 5 as the stress was further increased, a point y, known as the yield point, at which the stress rapidly dropped, was reached.
The elasticity of rubber arises not from the forces between molecules in the ordinary sense, but from the thermal energy of the constituent atoms in the longchain molecule. As a result rubber elasticity is characterized by a shear modulus that is proportional to temperature. This longitudinal modulus of elasticity is called youngs modulus. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. This option allows users to search by publication, volume and page selecting this option will search the current publication in context. Abstract the elasticity of rubber arises not from the forces between molecules in the ordinary sense, but from the thermal energy of the constituent atoms in the longchain molecule. External stress changes the equilibrium endtoend distance of a chain, and it thus adopts a less probable conformation. It should be stated that g can also be explained as given by equation 2. He gained his phd from the university of london external degree in 1938. Publication date 1958 topics elasticity, rubber publisher oxford. After a region k to l of partial elastic behaviour, plastic flow continued from l to m.
Physics 3 summer 1989 lab 7 elasticity theory all materials deform to some extent when subjected to a stress a force per unit area. The physics of rubber elasticity monographs on the physics and chemistry of materials oxford classic texts in the ph oxford classic texts in the physical sciences. An experimentalists view of the physics of rubber elasticity. Besides, while it is plausible that a phase transition should. Recent advances in the physics and chemistry of rubber. Treloar author see all 3 formats and editions hide other formats and editions. Related content the elasticity and related properties of rubbers l r g treloarfracture and adhesion of soft materials. Introduction elasticity of a single molecule elasticity of a threedimensional network of polymer molecules comparison with experiment continuum theory of rubber elasticity secondorder stresses elastic behavior.
By using treloars theory of rubber elasticity, applied to thinwalled pressure vessels, we propose to determine in which conditions they can be considered as stable openloop positioning actuators. Physics of rubber elasticity by eloisadevries issuu. Solid objects will deform when adequate forces are applied to them. The theory predicts strain induced softening, and a nonclassical intermolecular contribution to the linear modulus. Rubber elasticity an overview sciencedirect topics. It is associated with a reduction of entropy on deformation rather than with an increase of internal energy, such as occurs in an ordinary solid. Selecting this option will search all publications across the scitation platform selecting this option will search.
G treloar oxford classic texts in the physical sciences. Elasticity, ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed. Gent institute of polymer engineering the university of akron akron, ohio i. First, we describe experimental results that characterize the elastic behaviour of rubber, in particular of vulcanized natural rubber. Rubber elasticity rubber is one of the most important and fascinating polymeric materials. Elasticity and inelasticity of rubber springerlink. Treloar 1945 recent advances in the physics and chemistry of rubber. Molecular theory of rubber elasticity polymer journal. The physics of rubber elasticity is one of the oldest subjects in polymer science. The theory of rubber elasticity due to flory starts from the two postulates. The present paper goes beyond earlier ones both in the more detailed treatment of the individual chains and in the development of a clear. Many polymeric materials, and not just rubber itself, display rubber elasticity in some range of temperatures. Rubber elasticity, identified as the capacity to sustain very large deformations followed by complete recovery, is exhibited exclusively by polymeric substances consisting predominantly of long.
Elastic materials have internal forces which restore the size and shape of the object when the stress is removed. Very large deformability with complete recoverability. Questions related to the continuum mechanics division of elasticity. Buy the physics of rubber elasticity oxford classic texts in the physical sciences 3 by treloar, l. To a greater or lesser extent, most solid materials exhibit elastic behaviour, but.
The physics of rubber elasticity oxford classic texts in the physical sciences 9780198570271. Need to change conformation and extension under stress. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed. Newest elasticity questions physics stack exchange. A microscopic integral equation theory of elasticity in polymer liquids and networks is developed which addresses the nonclassical problem of the consequences of interchain repulsive interactions and packing correlations on mechanical response. Oxford classic texts in the physical sciences series by l. Definition of rubber elasticity and requirements definition of rubber elasticity.
Polymer science had developed greatly since the second edition of this text in 1958, and the two main advances the. Previous discussions of the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity have dealt with individual long chain molecules, but the theory of the structure of bulk rubber has been almost entirely undeveloped. The studies relating to the issues and future challenges of the physics of rubber elasticity are presented. The physics of rubber elasticity third edition by l. Elasticity of rubbers is composed from the elastic responses of the chains crosslinked in the network sample.
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